Writing defines as the
way to develop our opinions, idea, or mind on the paper uses for people who cannot
develop their idea by oral but they can express thier ideas through writing.
Writing is a basic skill that uses graphic symbols: that is, letters or
combinations of letters which relate to the sound we make when speak. [1]
Heaton states that writing skill is
complex and sometimes difficult to teach, requiring mastery not only
grammatical and rhetorical devices but also of conceptual and judgmental
elements.[2]
Pincas defines that writing is a way of
communicating a message to a reader for a purpose. The purposes of writing are
to express one’s self, to provide information for one’s reader, to persuade
one’s reader, and to create a literary work.[3]
Based on the definition above, the
researcher conclude that the writing is an activity that students do to express
thier ideas and opinion. The writing is a productive skill that complex and
difficult to teach. In writing process we do not only need exploration ideas,
feelings, and opinions in written form but also must pay attention several
things such as grammatical and several steps that must be done to product a
written text.
1)
Types
of Writing
According to Departemen Pendidikan
nasional that there are some types of writing are:
a. Recount
is writing has function to retell events for the purpose of informing or
entertaining. The generic structure of this text consist orientation,events,and
reorientation.
b. Report,
it functions to describe the way things are with reference to a range of natural,
man-made and social phenomena in our environment. The generic structure of this
text consists of general classification and description tells what the
phenomena under discussion.
c. Discussion,
a text which purposes to present (at least) two points of view about an issue.
d. Explanation,
it has function to explain the process involved in the formation or workings of
natural or socio cultural phenomena. The generic structure of this text are a
general statement to position the reader
and sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.
e. Exposition
(analytical), it functions to persuade the reader or listener that the
something is the case. Its generic structures are thesis, arguments, and
reiteration.
f. Exposition
(hortatory), its function is to persuade the reader or listener thar something
should or should not be the case. The generic structures of this text are
thesis, arguments, and recommendation.
g. News
item, a text functions to inform readers, listeners, or viewers about events
the day considered newsworthy or important. The generic structures are
newsworthy events, background events, and sources.
h. Anecdote
is a text to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident.
The generic structures are abstract, orientation, crisis, reaction, and coda.
i.
Narrative has function to amuse, entertain, and to
deal,with actual or vicarious experiences in different ways. The generic
structures consists of orientation, complication, resolution, and
reorientation.
j.
Procedure is a text to describe how something
accomplished through a sequence of action or steps. The generic structures
cantain goal, materials, and steps.
k. Description
is writing to describe a particular person, place, or thing. The generic
structures are identification and description.
l.
Review is to critique an art work, event for a public
audience. The generic structures are orientation, interpretative recount,
evaluation and evaluation summation.[4]
2)
Components
of Writing
Syahril states that there are five
components of writing, they are:
a)
Content
There four things that can be measured
in connecting with content the composition should contain one central purpose
only, should unity, coherence, and continuty should be adequately developed.
b) Organization
The purpose organization material in
writing coherence, order of important, general to specific, specific to
general, chronological order and spatial order of pattern. When writing the
learner should arrange their writing chronologically. They should present their
ideas based on what happen from the beginning to the end.
c) Vocabulary
The effective of words will always
result a good writing both specific and technical writing. The dictionary is
very considerable. Vocabulary is one component of writing to express ideas.
d) Language
use
Language use in writing and another
form of writing involves in correct language and point of grammar. An adequate
grammar should be one that is capable of producing grammar. We should not be
able to do more that utter separate item of language for separate function and
also grammar can help students improve the use of the formal language.
e) Mechanics
There are at least two main parts of
mechanics in writing namely punctuation and capitalization. Punctuation is
important as the way to clarify meaning in English writing. In English writing
capital letters have to principles. Firstly, they are used to distinguish
between partculas things. Secondly, it is used as first word in quotations, a
formal statement and proper adjective.[5]
3)
Steps
of the writing
Bambang
Trim states that the steps of the writing there are prewriting, while writing
and post writing. Every step is very important to make the result of quality
written.
Since
elementary school and junior high school, the first step and the last step is
always studied until we can write it. So, let us try knowing about truth of
steps of writing. The three steps of writing are:
a)
Prewriting
Prewriting
is the first step before of we can call as the planning. And plan of write, we
are beginning with ideas or opinion as the main in writing. An the specific,
the ideas or opinion can concrete with topical.
b)
While writing
While
writing is the process after the step to make ideas or planning. In writing, we
must choose our position as the writer, position often used are:
1) The
writer can be as the first people in writing, so that the writer uses word like
I, We or Writer.
2) The
writer can not direct in writing but in out of. Please try when you write, and
we must commitment to our outline we make. If any other important ideas you
mean important, we can note and related to our writing.
c)
Post writing
The last
step is post writing where in this step the composed writing must be edit
completely. We must know that the writer must attend to three steps of it and
the important step of them is the last step is post writing, because after
write we must edit our writing that had finished so it can be more perfect.
[1]
Donn Byrne, Teaching writing Skills,( Hongkong: Longman Handbooks for language
Teachers,1929),p.1
[2]
J.B Heaton, Writing English language Tests, (London and New York: Handbooks for
teacher,1988),p.135
[3]
Pincas, Teaching English Writing: Essential Language Teaching Series
(London:The Macmilan Publisher.Ltd.1998),p.56s
[4]Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Standar Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa
Inggris Sekolah Menengah Atas dan Madrasah Aliyah,(Jakarta,2005),p.77
[5] Syahril, Improving
Writing Ability of the Secong Year Students at SMP Negeri 9 Parepare through
Unforgetable Experience, (unpublished Thesis STAIN Parepare),2006,p.17
