Pronunciation is the way in which a
language is spoken, or the way in which a word is pronounced its mean the way a
person speaks the words of language. In other meaning pronunciation is one of
the most important to master when learning English. The pronunciation system of
English words is unique. That is the reason why many people say that Pronunciation
in English is often very difficult for non native speaker of English. The way
we pronounce English words depends on how the words are heard in our ears.
Therefore, it is important to listen to the right pronunciation of English.
Pronunciation is the most difficult
part to learning a new language, because the learners have to learn, to listen,
and imitate all over again to improve articulation and learn to make new
movement with tongue, lips, and other organs of articulation in order to make
the new sound pronunciation made up of sound, stress, and intonation. Which
sound is a thing that produces such a sensation a thing that that can be heard,
stress is an extra force used when pronouncing a particular word or syllable,
and intonation is the rise and fall of the voice in speaking.
When we speak the first thing we
identify is the speech sound because sound is the passage of disturbance
through the air, it advances by causing vibratory motion of individual air
molecules. Sound divided into two parts are consonant sounds and vowel sounds.
Consonant and vowel sounds are two different qualities of sounds that are found
almost in all languages of the world. Consonants are defined as the sounds
articulated by temporary obstruction in the air stream which passes through the
mouth. Vowels are the sounds that are produced with an approximation without
any obstruction in the air passage.
In English, there are
24 parts consonant sounds, there
are [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [f], [v], [ch], [j], [sh], [zh], [s], [z],
[l], [r], [m], [n], [ŋ], [θ], [ð], [h], [w], [y]. all of this consonant sounds
have difference each other, The writer interested to take dental fricative sound [ ð] and sound [d] as a title in this small project, because many people cannot
differ between sound [
ð] and sound [d] or error in pronouncing dental
fricative sounds. So, the writer takes student in forth semester of STAIN parepare,
because the writer realizes the student in fourth semester still cannot
pronounce dental fricatives well. In this case, the students
that cannot distinguish the sound [ ð] especially in word ‘they’ and sound [d] in word
‘day’ Based on problem above, there are
two problem statements which will the writer explain, that is: How does the
students of fourth semester produce and distinguish dental fricative sounds [ð]
and voice alveolar [d]?
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Consonant can be classified according to the place and
manner of articulation. Manner of articulation divided into seven part, there
are:
·
Bilabial
(made with the two lips)
An articulation with the lips is a labial articulation,
there are: the upper and lower lips. bilabial sounds are p, b, m and w.
·
Labiodentals
(made by lower lip and upper front teeth).
Most people when
saying words such as, “fie, vie”
raise the lower lip until it nearly touches the upper front teeth.
·
Dental
(tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth).
An articulation
with the teeth is a dental articulation. Say the words “thigh, thy”.
·
Alveolar
(tip of tongue or blade and the alveolar ridge).
An articulation
with the alveolar ridge is an alveolar articulation: the combining form is
alveo-, as in alveopalatal. Say the word “tie,
die, night, sigh, zeal, lie” using the tip or blade of tongue.
·
Alveopalatal
(tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge).
During consonants the tip of tongue may be behind the
lower front teeth, or it may be up near the alveolar ridge, but blade of tongue
is always close to the back part of the alveolar ridge (or blade of tongue
always be raised).
·
Palatal
(front of tongue and hard palate).
An articulation with the (hard) palate is a palatal
articulation; the combining form is palato-, as in palatovelar. Say the word
“you” very slowly so that you can isolate the consonant at the beginning. If
you say this consonant by itself you should be able to feel that the front of
the tongue is raised toward the hard palate.
Beside
that there are also seven manner of articulation, this is the manner of
articulation the actions of the vocal apparatus as a sound is being produced.
·
Stops.
A stop is produced by completely blocking the breath stream, then releasing it
abruptly. There are six stops, evenly divided among three points of
articulation: the bilabials (p) and (b), the alveolar (t) and (d), and the
velar (k) and (g).
·
Affricates.
Affricates are complex sounds that merge two manners of articulation: a
preceding stop and following fricative.
·
Fricatives.
Fricatives are therefore noisy sounds. They occur at four points articulation:
interdental, labio-dental, alveolar, and alveo-palatal.
·
Liquids.
The consonant /l/ and /r/, as heard in lilt and roar, are called liquids.
·
Nasal.
The nasal consonant are produced the nose. The oral cavity is completely
blocking during their production, and for this reason some books refer to them
as nasal stops. The nasal consonant are all produced with velic opening; that
is, the velum is lowered at the same time the oral cavity is blocked.
·
Glides
(also called approximates or semi-vowels). Glides are sounds which provide
transitions to or from other sounds.
·
Sibilants.
The fricatives s, z,…, and … are particularly noisy. There are sibilants. Since
the affricates … and … each and in a sibilant fricative, they, too, are called
sibilants.
·
Velar
(back of tongue and soft palate). An articulation with the velum is a velar articulation;
movements of the velum itself are velar movements.
/Th/ sound is a dental fricative sound. Dental
fricative consist of two word there are dental and fricative, here the explanation
about dental fricative sound and also alveolar.
v Definition of dental sound
Dental
is a term in phonetics classification of consonant sounds on the basis of their
place of articulation, it refers to a sound made by the tongue, tip, and rims against
the teeth. “apico-dental” is a more explicit but less uses description of such send.
Apico- being derived from APEX and alternative term from tongue tip. Usually
the upper teeth are the ones involved as in the [d[, [t], [n] of some English
DIELECTS such as irich English (the contracts with the ALVEOLAR articulation of
[d] and [t] in received pronunciation. But both upper and lower teeth may be in
contact with the tongue during the articulation as in [th] sounds of thin [θ]
and this [ð].
In
[θ] and this [ð] moreover, the tip of the tongue is usually slightly between
the teeth, in which cases the more precise term INTERDENTAL can be used if the
sound is articulated towards the back of the upper teeth, close to alveolar
ridge, the term ‘post-dental’ can be used. The phonetic symbol for dental
articulation is [ ] placed underneath the symbol for the consonant in question.
v Definition of fricative sound
Fricative
is a term used in the phonetic classification of consonant sounds on the basis
of their manner of articulation: also sometimes called the spirant, it refers
to sounds made when two organs come to close together that the air moving
between them produces audible friction. There is no complete closure between
the organs (in which case a plosive articulation would be produced). There is
simply a stricture, or narrowing. There are several such sounds in English,
both voiced and voiceless, as in fin [f],
van [v], thin [θ], this [ð], sin [s], zoo [z], ship [∫], measure [Ʒ], and hoop
[h].
The
[m], [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [Ʒ], and [h] sounds are described as
fricative sounds, because of the audible friction noises that result when the
exhaled air, under pressure passed between surfaces or through spaces of
different size or shape. The fricative sounds like the stop plosive sounds
often some in pairs, with the same place of articulation. One being voiceless
and other voiced. The voiceless sound of the fair will have more air flow than
the voiced one and will have a stronger friction sound. The fricative sounds
produced with smaller openings will tend to be higher-pitched sounds.
Fricative
divided into some categories they are: Alveolar
fricative, These alveolar fricatives are /s/ as voiceless and /z/ as
voiced. This pair has one other characteristic distinguishing them; they are
produced with the tongue slightly grooved. Bilabial
fricative: for the voiceless bilabial fricative the symbol is ϕ or (f). And
the voiced bilabial fricative is β or (v) then Dental fricative:
In English, there are two fricative sounds produced with the tongue and the
teeth. In some dialect regions, the tongue is placed behind the front teeth.
For some speakers the tongue tip actually protrudes between top and bottom
teeth, and these sounds are sometimes called interdental fricatives and then glottal fricative: The sound /h/, as in
“house”, is usually classified as a fricative. It is different from the other
fricatives in that the vocal tract is wide open, so there is little fiction.
Also /h/ is voiceless, and there is no voiced cognate for it. For these
reasons, /h/ is classified as a glottal fricative. And the last is Alveopalatal fricative: The voiceless
alveopalatal fricative is usually spelled sh in English is it the sound
in the word “shore, bush, sugar and position” there are
two symbols used to transcribe this sound: /š/,/ʃ/. Either symbol can be used, but it is important to be
consistent in using one or the other.
Dental
fricatives consists of two categories, they are: Voiceless dental fricative and
voiced dental fricative. The voiceless dental fricative is a type of
consonantal sound, is used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the
International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is θ, and voiced
dental fricative is the voiced dental fricative is a type of consonantal sound,
used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic
Alphabet that represents this sound is ð.
v Voiced dental fricative
The
dental fricative comes in two forms in English. Voiced, found in
"that", and unvoiced, found in "thing". The voiced dental
fricative is traditionally written with "ð" (eth), and the unvoiced
with "þ" (thorn). Thorn was a holdover from the runic Futhark, used
in Germanic before the introduction of the Latin alphabet to the Germanic
world. The unvoiced dental fricative was also used in a terminal position of a
word, hence modern pronunciations of such words as "couth",
"tooth" and "with". ("cūð", "tōð",
"wið"). The voiced dental fricative was reserved for the middle of a
word in Old English. This can be seen today, where the pronunciation of
"bath" ("bæð") with the unvoiced dental fricative in its
terminal position contrasts "bathe" ("baðian") with its
voiced dental fricative, because in Old and Middle English the dental fricative
in this word was followed by another syllable, thereby making it voiced.
Several more examples can be seen with "nether", "other",
"rather" ("neoðra", "ōðer", "hraðor").
In English, there
are two fricative sounds produced with the tongue and the teeth. In some dialect regions, the tongue is placed behind the
front teeth. For some speakers the tongue tip actually protrudes between top
and bottom teeth, and these sounds are sometimes called interdental fricatives.
In either case, the sounds produced is the same. This is the sound we spell th
(θ). We do not distinguish in spelling between the voiced and voiceless
cognates, but they are pronounced differently. The voiceless variant occurs in
the words “thin”, “thought”, and “both”. The voiced variant occurs in the word
“the”, “this”, and “there”. It is transcribed with a symbol ð.
The
dental fricatives are often called interdental because they are often produced
with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the
back of the teeth, as they are with other dental consonants. The symbol in the
International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ð, and the
equivalent symbol is D. The voiced dental fricative occurs in English, and it
is the sound denoted by the letters "th" in this and the. It is
different from the "th" sound in thing and bath, which is the
voiceless dental fricative. The dental fricatives are often called
"interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between
the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the teeth, as they
are with other dental consonants. Features of this consonant:
ü its manner of articulation
is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a
narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
ü Its place of articulation
is dental which means it is articulated with the tongue on either the lower or
the upper teeth, or both.
ü Its phonation type is
voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
ü It is an oral consonant,
which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
ü It is a central consonant,
which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of
the tongue, rather than the sides.
ü The airstream mechanism is plutonic
aggressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and
through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
The
pronunciation of (ð) is almost the same with (d). But the contact between the
tongue tip and the teeth should be loose enough to permit the voiced breath
stream to pass out of the mouth between the tongue and the teeth. (ð) is
similar to (d), (ð) is voiced and (ð) is pronounced with much lass of quality
heard. While, (ð) is voiced in which the vocal cords are drawn together, the
air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating
a vibration effect. sound (ð) appear initially as in thick and this, medially
as in nothing and brother, and finally as in month and bathe.
The tongue tip can approach
the back of the upper teeth, but not press against them so hard that the
airflow is completely blocked. The blade of the tongue can touch the bottom of
the upper teeth, with the tongue tip protruding between the teeth -- still
leaving enough space for a turbulent airstream to escape. This kind of [θ] and [ð] is often called interdental.
v
Definition
of alveolar
Alveolar
is a term in the classification of consonant sound on basic of their place of
articulation, it refers to a sound made by the blade of the tongue (or the tip
and blade together) in contact again the alveolar bridge (alveolum) which is
the bony prominence immediately behind the upper teeth a number of sounds are
given an alveolar articulation in English [t], [d], [l], [n], [s], and [z]. if
the sound is articulated towards the back of the alveolar ridge, near where the
palate begins the term post-alveolar can be used.
The
voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the
International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar
consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that
aren't palatalized), it can represent this sound as in a number of ways
including < ð̠ >, <ð͇> (retracted or alveolar zed ð, respectively).
English
has lost its original verb inflections. When the stem of a verb ends with a
dental fricative, this was usually followed by a vowel in Old English, and was
therefore voiced. It is still voiced in modern English, even though the verb
inflection has disappeared leaving the /ð/ at the end of the word. Examples are
to bathe, to mouth, to breathe. Other changes which affected these phonemes
included a shift /d/ → /ð/ when followed by unstressed suffix -er. Thus Old
English fader became modern English father; likewise mother, gather, hither,
together, weather. In a reverse process, Old English burthen and murder become
burden and murder.
Dialectally,
the alternation between /d/ and /ð/ sometimes extends to other words, as
bladder, ladder, solder with /ð/. On the other hand some dialects retain
original d, and extend it to other words, as brother, further, rather. Th also
occurs dialectally for wh, as in third, whortleberry, whorl, for whirl,
whortleberry, whorl. Conversely, Scots has whaling, Wang, white, whittle, for thawing,
twang, twit, twitted.
Sometime
people cannot differ in pronouncing sound dental fricative /ð/ with /d/ sound.
Here example of the contracting consonant:
ð
|
d
|
|
Then [ðən]
|
Den [den]
|
|
They [ ðeι ]
|
Day [deı]
|
|
There [ðeər]
|
Dare [deə(r)]
|
|
Though [ðəʊ]
|
Dough [dəʊ]
|
|
Those [ðəʊz]
|
Dose [dəʊs]
|
|
Lather
[ᶥlα:ðə(r)]
|
Ladder
[ᶥlædə(r)]
|
|
Father
[ᶥfα:ðə(r)]
|
Fodder
[ᶥfαdə(r)]
|
|
Breathe
[bri:ð]
|
Breed
[bri:d]
|
|
Seethe
[si:ð]
|
Seed
[si:d]
|
|
Scathing
[ᶥskeıðıŋ]
|
Skating
[skeıtıŋ]
|
|
PROSEDUR OF COLLECTING DATA
v Respondent
The respondents of this research are the student of forth
semester in STAIN Parepare, there are four respondents here, they are:
o
Miss HM as the first respondent
o
Miss HS as the second respondent
o
Miss HW as the third respondent
o
Miss JM as the fourth respondent
v Instument
List
below, there are some example from /th/ or /ð/ sound in the initial position,
medial position, and final position.
Initial
position
|
Medial
position
|
Final
position
|
This [ðis]
|
Mother
[ ‘mΛð.ər ]
|
Breathe [bri:ð]
|
That [ ðæt ]
|
Father [ fα:ðə(r)]
|
Smoth [smu:ð]
|
The [ðe]
|
Brother [ ‘brΛð.ər]
|
Clothe [ kloυð ]
|
Them [ðəm ]
|
Another [ə’nΛð ə(r)]
|
Teethe [ti:ð]
|
Those [ðoz]
|
Weather [‘weðə(r)]
|
Wreathe [ri:ð]
|
Than [ðan]
|
Bother [‘bαðə(r)]
|
With [wið]
|
There [ðeər]
|
Other [‘Λðə(r)]
|
Bathe [ beιð ]
|
Then [ðen]
|
Either [‘aıðə(r)]
|
Soothe [su:ð]
|
Though [ðaυ]
|
Whether [‘weðə(r)]
|
Loathe [ loυð ]
|
Therefore [ðeəfo:r]
|
Lather [ ‘læð.ər ]
|
Writhe [ raið ]
|
They
[ ðeι ]
|
Together [ tə’geð.ər ]
|
Mouth [maυð ]
|
List below, there are some example from /d/
sound in the initial position, medial position, and final position.
Initial
position
|
Medial
position
|
Final
position
|
Do
[du:]
|
Window
[wındəʊ]
|
Food
[fu:d]
|
Door
[do:(r)]
|
Louder
[laʊdə(r)]
|
Hand
[hænd]
|
Dear
[d
ə(r)]
|
Radio
[reıdiəʊ]
|
Bread
[bred]
|
Dress
[dres]
|
Candy
[‘kændi]
|
Hide
[haıd]
|
Drown
[draʊn]
|
Today
[tə’deı]
|
Find
[faınd]
|
Dare
[deə(r)]
|
Reading
[ri:dıŋ]
|
Breed
[bri:d]
|
Drive
[draiv]
|
Fodder
[‘fɒdə(r)]
|
Sued
[su:d]
|
Dream
[dri:m]
|
Ladder
[‘lædə(r)]
|
Seed
[si:d]
|
Den
[den]
|
Laddie
[lædə(r)]
|
Cried
[kraıd]
|
Dime
[dim]
|
Ladle
[‘leıdl]
|
Loved
[lΛvd]
|
v Example in sentence
Below are
the sentences forms of those words:
·
Adam goes there with his brother.
/ᶥædəm/ /gəʊs/
/ðeə(r)/ /wıð/ /hız/ /ᶥbrΛðə(r)/
·
The instructor told us to breathe
in deeply and then breathe out slowly.
/ðə/ /ınᶥstrΛktə(r)/
/tͻld/ /əs/ /tu:/ /
bri:ð //in/ /di:plaı/ /ənd/ /ðən/
/bri:ð/ /aʊt/ /sləʊli:/
·
They followed the path until they
came to a gate.
/ðeı/ /ᶥfɒləʊd/
/ðə/ /pα:θ/ /ənᶥtıl/ /ðeı/ /keım/ /tu:/ /ə/ /geıt/
·
So they flew through a flaw in the
flue.
/səʊ/ /ðeı/ /fleʊ/
/θru:/ /ə/ /flͻ:/ /ın/ /ðə/ /flu:/
·
They will come to my house today.
/ðeı/ /wıl/
/kΛm/ /tu:/ /maı/ /haʊs/ /təᶥdeı/
·
I then should have need of your
needles indeed.
/aı/ /ðen/ /∫əd/
/hæv/ /ni:d/ /ɒv/ /jͻ:(r)/ /ni:dls/ /ınᶥdi:d/
·
My mother buys candy for my little
brother.
/maı/ /ᶥmΛðə(r)/
/baıs/ /ᶥkændi/ /fə(r)/ /maı/ /ᶥlıtl/ /ᶥbrΛðə(r)/
·
My brother loathes this weather.
/maı/ /ᶥbrΛðə(r)/
/ləʊðs/ /ðıs/ /ᶥweðə(r)/
·
I opened the window and then take a
bathe.
/aı/ /ᶥəʊpənd/
/ðə/ /ᶥwındəʊ/ /ənd/ /ðən/ /teık/ /ə/ /beıð/
·
If I bake this bitter butter,
better than her bitter butter.
/ıf/ /aı/
/beık/ /ðıs/ /ᶥbıtə(r)/ /bΛtə(r)/, /betə(r)/ /ðən/ /hə(r)/ /ᶥbıtə(r)/ /bΛtə(r)/
·
They come together with the drive.
/ðeı/ /kΛm/ /təᶥgeðə(r)/
/wıð/ /ðə/ /draıv/
·
My father buys this radio in the
senggol market.
/maı/ /ᶥfα:ðə(r)/
/baıs/ /ðıs/ /ᶥreıdiəʊ/ /in/ /ðə/ /senggol/ /ᶥmα:kıt
·
I bring the smooth clothe with
food.
/aı/ /brıŋ/ /ðə/
/smu:ð/ /kləʊð/ /wıð/ /fu:d/
·
Then they walked in the good
cornfield.
/ðən/ /ðeı/
/wͻ:kd/ /in/ /ðə/ /gʊd/ /kͻ:nfi:ld/
·
Sometimes it is a brother, mother,
father who has died.
/ᶥsΛmtαımz/
/ıt/ ız/ /ə/ /ᶥbrΛðə(r)/, /ᶥmΛðə(r)/, /ᶥfα:ðə(r)/ /hu:/ /həz/ dαıd/
v Procedure of collecting data
My
respondents are the student of State Islamic College at STAIN parepare, especially
from the forth semester of English program tarbiyah department, and there are
four respondent they are: H_M as the first respondent, H_R as
the second respondent, H_Z as the third respondent, and J_M as the last
respondent. The writer records respondents voice by mobile phone recorder which
the writer was borrow from her best friend because she didn’t have the mobile
phone for record the respondents. The writer records the first respondent in
her cottage in Jln. Laupa at 10.00 pm. and the second respondent in the same
place at 10.15 pm. before recording them, the writer asked them first and mad
an agreement to record their voice.
Because of they are my friends, so
they ready to help me when I said “any body help me? I want to record your
voice if you ready to become my respondent” and one of them said “of course
we’ll help you” they are available to be recorded their voice. Then the third
respondent, the writer records her voice also in the same place of the first
and the second respondent when she pass in front of me then I stopped her and
asked to become my respondent, finally she got ready to become my third
respondent on Friday, 17th, 2011, and about the last respondent the
writer record her voice in the campus Wednesday 22th,
2011 at 12.20 pm, the writer found
it rather
difficult because firstly she felt shy and into an empty room but she asked me
to come out because she just wanted her own and do not want to be heard. I was
obeyed and finally success.
After
everything is finished in record, I said thank you very much for taking the
time and they said thank you too. After record the respondent’s voice then
writer went to the room for heard the respondent’s voice and then analyzed the
pronunciation error.
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
1. Finding/result
Data from the first respondents:
1.
/ᶥædəm/ /gəʊs/ /ðeə(r)/ /wıð/ /hız/
/ᶥbrΛdə(r)/
2.
/ðə/ /ınᶥstrΛktə(r)/ /tͻld/ /əs/
/tu:/ /bri:t/ /in/ /di:plaı/ /ənd/ /ðən/ /bri:t/ /aʊt/ /sləʊli:/
3.
/ðeı/ /ᶥfɒləʊwd/ /ðə/ /pα:θ/ /ənᶥtıl/
/deı/ /keım/ /tu:/ /ə/ /geıt/
4.
/soʊ/ /deı/ /fleʊ/ /θru:/ /ə/
/flͻ:/ /ın/ /də/ /flu:/
5.
/deı/ /wıl/ /kΛm/ /tu:/ /maı/ /haʊs/
/təᶥdeı/
6.
/aı/ /ðen/ /∫ud/ /hæv/ /ni:d/ /op/
/jͻ:(r)/ /ni:dls/ /ınᶥdi:d/
7. /maı/ /ᶥmΛðə(r)/ /baıs/ /ᶥkændi/ /fo(r)/ /maı/ /ᶥlıtl/ /ᶥbrΛðə/
8.
/maı/ /ᶥbrΛðə(r)/ /ləʊdis/ /ðıs/ /ᶥweðə/
9.
/aı/ /ᶥoʊpənd/ /də/ /ᶥwındəʊ/ /ənd/
/dən/ /teık/ /ə/ /bet/
10.
/ıf/ /aı/ /beık/ /ðıs/ /ᶥbıtə(r)/
/bΛtə(r)/, /betə(r)/ /dən/ /hə(r)/ /ᶥbıtə(r)/ /bΛtə(r)/
11.
/deı/ /kΛm/ /təᶥgedə(r)/ /wıt/ /də/
/draıv/
12.
/maı/ /ᶥfα:ðə(r)/ /baıs/ /dıs/ /ᶥreıdiəʊ/
/in/ /ðə/ /senggol/ /ᶥmα:kıt
13.
/aı/ /brıŋ/ /də/ /smu:ð/ /kləʊð/
/wıð/ /fu:d/
14.
/ðən/ /deı/ /wͻ:kd/ /in/ /də/ /gʊd/
/kͻ:nfaild/
15.
/ᶥsΛmtαıms/ /ıt/ ız/ /ə/ /ᶥbrΛðə(r)/,
/ᶥmΛðə(r)/, /ᶥfα:ðə(r)/ /hu:/ /həz/ dαıd/
Data from the second respondent:
1.
/ᶥædəm/ /goʊs/ /ðeə(r)/ /wıð/ /hız/
/ᶥbrΛðə(r)/
2.
/ðə/ /ınᶥstrΛktə(r)/ /tͻld/ /əs/
/tu:/ /bri:ð/ /in/ /di:plaı/ /ənd/ /dən/ /bri:t/ /aʊt/ /sləʊli:/
3.
/ðeı/ /ᶥfɒləʊd/ /ðə/ /pα:θ/ /ənᶥtıl/
/deı/ /keım/ /tu:/ /ə/ /geıt/
4.
/soʊ/ /ðeı/ /fleʊ/ /θru:/ /ə/
/flͻ:/ /ın/ /də/ /flu:/
5.
/deı/ /wıl/ /kΛm/ /tu:/ /maı/ /haʊs/
/təᶥdeı/
6.
/aı/ /ðen/ /∫ud/ /hæv/ /ni:d/ /ɒv/
/jͻ:(r)/ /ni:dls/ /ınᶥdi:d/
7.
/maı/ /ᶥmΛðə(r)s/ /baıs/ /ᶥkændi/
/fə(r)/ /maı/ /ᶥlıtl/ /ᶥbrΛdə(r)/
8.
/maı/ /ᶥbrΛdə(r)/ /ləʊðis/ /dıs/ /ᶥweðə(r)/
9.
/aı/ /ᶥəʊpənd/ /də/ /ᶥwındəʊ/ /ənd/
/dən/ /teık/ /ə/ /beıð/
10.
/ıf/ /aı/ /beık/ /ðıs/ /ᶥbıtə(r)/
/bΛtə(r)/, /betə(r)/ /dən/ /hə(r)/ /ᶥbıtə(r)/ /bΛtə(r)/
11.
/ðeı/ /kΛm/ /təᶥgedə(r)/ /wıð/ /də/
/draıv/
12.
/maı/ /ᶥfα:ðə(r)/ /baıs/ /dıs/ /ᶥreıdiəʊ/
/in/ /ðə/ /senggol/ /ᶥmα:kıt
13.
/aı/ /brıŋ/ /də/ /smu:ð/ /kləʊð/
/wıð/ /fu:d/
14.
/ðən/ /deı/ /wͻ:kd/ /in/ /də/ /gʊd/
/kͻ:nfi:ld/
15.
/ᶥsΛmtαımz/ /ıt/ ız/ /ə/ /ᶥbrΛðə(r)/,
/ᶥmΛðə(r)/, /ᶥfα:ðə(r)/ /hu:/ /həz/ dαıd/
Data from the third respondents:
1.
/ᶥædam/ /goʊs/ /ðeə(r)/ /wıt/ /hız/
/ᶥbrΛdə(r)/
2.
/ðə/ /ınᶥstrΛktə(r)/ /tͻld/ /as/ /de/
/bri:ð/ /in/ /di:plaı/ /ənd/ /ðən/ /bri:ð/ /aʊt/ /sloʊli:/
3.
/deı/ /ᶥfɒləw/ /ðə/ /pet/ /ənᶥtıl/
/ðeı/ /kam/ /tu:/ /a/ /geıt/
4.
/səʊ/ /deı/ /fleʊ/ /θru:/ /ə/
/flͻ:/ /ın/ /də/ /flu:/
5.
/deı/ /wıl/ /kΛm/ /tu:/ /maı/ /haʊs/
/təᶥdeı/
6.
/aı/ /ðen/ /∫əd/ /hæv/ /ni:d/ /ɒv/
/jͻ:(r)/ /nu:dls/ /ınᶥdi:d/
7.
/maı/ /ᶥmΛdə(r)/ /baıs/ /ᶥkændi/ /fə(r)/
/maı/ /ᶥlıtl/ /ᶥbrΛdə(r)/
8.
/maı/ /ᶥbrΛdə(r)/ /ləʊdis/ /dıs/ /ᶥweðə(r)/
9.
/aı/ /ᶥəʊpən/ /də/ /ᶥwındow/ /ənd/
/dən/ /tek/ /a/ /beıð/
10.
/ıf/ /aı/ /beık/ /ðıs/ /ᶥbıtə(r)/ /bΛtə(r)/,
/betə(r)/ /dən/ /hə(r)/ /ᶥbıtə(r)/ /bΛtə(r)/
11.
/deı/ /kΛm/ /təᶥgedə(r)/ /wıt/ /de/
/draıv/
12.
/maı/ /ᶥfα:ðə(r)/ /baıs/ /dıs/ /ᶥradioʊ/
/in/ /ðə/ /senggol/ /ᶥmα:kıt
13.
/aı/ /brıŋ/ /də/ /smu:ð/ /kləʊðs/
/wıt/ /fu:d/
14.
/dən/ /deı/ /wͻ:kd/ /in/ /də/ /gʊd/
/kͻ:nfinent/
15.
/ᶥsΛmtαımz/ /ıt/ /ıs/ /ə/ /ᶥbrΛdə(r)/,
/ᶥmΛdə(r)/, /ᶥfα:də(r)/ /hu:/ /həz/ dαıd/
Data from the
fourth respondents:
1.
/ᶥædəm/ /gəʊs/ /deə(r)/ /wıt/ /hız/
/ᶥbrΛðə(r)/
2.
/ðə/ /ınᶥstrΛktə(r)/ /tͻld/ /əs/
/tu:/ /bri:t/ /in/ /di:plı/ /ənd/ /dən/ /bri:t/ /aʊt/ /sləʊli:/
3.
/deı/ /ᶥfɒləʊd/ /ðə/ /pα:θ/ /ənᶥtıl/
/deı/ /kam/ /tu:/ /ə/ /geıt/
4.
/soʊ/ /deı/ /fleʊ/ /θru:/ /ə/
/flͻ:/ /ın/ /ðə/ /flu:/
5.
/deı/ /wıl/ /kΛm/ /tu:/ /maı/ /haʊs/
/təᶥdeı/
6.
/aı/ /den/ /∫əd/ /hæv/ /ni:d/ /ɒv/
/jͻ:(r)/ /ni:dls/ /ınᶥdi:d/
7.
/maı/ /ᶥmΛdə(rs)/ /baıs/ /ᶥkændi/
/fə(r)/ /maı/ /ᶥlıtl/ /ᶥbrΛdə(r)/
8.
/maı/ /ᶥbrΛdə(r)/ /lʊðs/ /dıs/ /ᶥweðə(r)/
9.
/aı/ /ᶥəʊpənd/ /də/ /ᶥwındəʊ/ /ənd/
/dən/ /teık/ /ə/ /beıð/
10.
/ıf/ /aı/ /beik/ /dıs/ /ᶥbıtə(r)/
/bΛtə(r)/, /betə(r)/ /dən/ /hə(r)/ /ᶥbıtə(r)/ /bΛtə(r)/
11.
/deı/ /kΛm/ /təᶥgedə(r)/ /wıt/ /də/
/draıv/
12.
/maı/ /ᶥfα:ðə(r)/ /baıs/ /dıs/ /ᶥreıdiəʊ/
/in/ /də/ /senggol/ /ᶥmα:kıt
13.
/aı/ /brıŋ/ /də/ /smu:ð/ /kləʊð/
/wıð/ /fu:d/
14.
/dən/ /deı/ /wͻ:kh/ /in/ /də/ /gʊd/
/kͻ:nfaild/
15.
/ᶥsΛmtαımz/ /ıt/ ız/ /ə/ /ᶥbrΛdə(r)/,
/ᶥmΛdə(r)/, /ᶥfα:də(r)/ /hu:/ /həz/ /dαıd/
2. Discussing
From the all respondents which the writer analyzed, most
of the respondent from the forth semester have many mistake in distinguish the
/ð/ and /d/ sound in initial For example, the word /ðeı/ and /deı/ sometimes the respondent couldn’t
distinguish it, they
producing /ð/ sound in the word /ðeı/ become
/d/ sound in the word /deı/, In addition, sometime respondent also difficult to producing sound /ð/
in the medial position example the words /fα:ðə(r)/,
and /ᶥmΛðə(r)/, and also in the final position for
example the word /wið/. But All of my respondents mostly make wrong in
the initial.
CONCLUTION
Based on the finding and discussion
the writer can conclude that most of the respondent unable to distinguish
pronunciation between /ð/ and /d/ sound, especially in the initial, and medial
position. Besides that, sometimes the respondents
confused producing the sound in the final position.
The main factor is because in Indonesia nothing /ð/ sound only /d/ sound. That’s why the
respondents cannot produce the sound in the good pronunciation.
REFERENCES
Azhar Arsyad.
1989. English Phonology: an Introduction UIN Makassar.
Barron’s. 1995.
Pronounce It Perfectly In English. United States of America.
Bernand
Silverstein, Ph. D. 1994. American English Pronunciation.
David
Crystal. 1991. A Dictionary of Linguistics in Phonetics. Blackwell.
Dra. Rafiah
Nur, M Hum and Badaruddin, S.pd. English Phonology I UMPAR 2009.
MH. Comre
Martin. 1970. Exercising Spoken English. The Macmillan Press Limited. London
and Basingtoke.
Jonathan
Crowther, 1995, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford University Press.
Wikipedia
(2009), Alveolar, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive, Downloading On 10rd June
2011
.norsknettskole 2001 dental http://www.norsknettskole.no/fag/ressurser/itstud/v01/901-English_Phonetics_2/html/dental_fricatives.htm,
downloading on 16 June 2011.
Omniglot, 2005, pricative http://www.omniglot.com/blog/?p=638,
downloading on 16 June 2011.
Blogspot, 2008,
dental-fricative http://germlang.blogspot.com/2008/01/dental
fricative.html,
downloading on 18 June 2011.
SMALL PROJECT 2011
by:
JAMILA
