DISTINGUISH BETWEEN STRESSING OF COMPOUND NOUN AND NOUN PHRASE ON THE FOURTH SEMESTER OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN STAIN PAREPARE.
(MARCONI / 09.093.O67 / PBI A2 SEM. IV)
A. BACKGROUND
Pronunciation according on the oxford dictionary refers to the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. In English sound system, there are many styles of speech for each individual which is influenced by a variety of causes such as locality, early influences, and social surroundings. The pronunciation of English involves the production of individual or isolated sounds and utterance of words, phrases, and sentences with correct spelling and stressing or rhytm intonation.
The complex of English sounds have been a serious issue for almost of English learners because they find difficulty to transfer of phonological aspects from their first language to English. Especially for almost indonesian learners of English are confusing to produce sequence of sounds perfectly because it is too complicated. Some of vowel and consonant in English do not exist in Indonesian language system, such as / /, / /, / /. In addition, most of English learners in Indonesia are even belonging to use some of English terms such as clusters, aspirated sounds and stress in incorrectly way. Even though stress is also used in Indonesia but you have to notice that it doesn't help you clearly about English stressing. It must be remembered that stressing in Indonesian language couldn't be used to differ a word with another. However stressing in English is one of important thing to construct a meaning or to differ an ambigue word, such as word "progress" as a noun which is stressed in the beginning of syllable word and "progress" as a verb which is stressed in the second of syllable word.
Confusing to use stressing of English correctly for Indonesian learners is also happen for the students on the 4th semester of English Education program in Stain Parepare. As a fact many of students can't use stressing properly in a word. Furthermore, they also make some mistaken and find difficulty to distinguish stressing in compound words and in phrase words correctly, in this case for example between compound noun and noun phrase. Almost of them are unaware or even unknowing about it. However, the problem will come when they make conversation with the others. For example, when you want to say "there is a pen in the bottom of a ‘black ‘board beside of a ‘blackboard", if you produce ‘black ‘board and ‘blackboard in the similiar way. Surely, will be being your listener to confusing situation and even his or her may get miscommunication. Therefore, using stressing for compound words and phrase words will make your communication easier than not. So that considering about this problem, this small project will concern to analyze how the students on the 4th semester of English Education Program in Stain Parepare get confuse to distinguish stressing in a compound word and in a phrase word, also several reasons or factors as causes of this problem.
B. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Stress refers to the degree of forces or loudness. Stress in oxford dictionary is emphasis given to a particular syllable or word in speech, typically through a combination of relatively greater loudness, higher pitch , and longer duration. Normally, the stress falls on the first syllable. In addition, stress in Encyclopædia Britannica is intensity given to a syllable of speech by special effort in utterance, resulting in relative loudness. It also has been defined in basically two ways there are: first, in terms of its phonetic properties; second, in terms of linguistic function. Stress indicates the importance of a syllable (a part of a word) and the importance of certain words in phrase and sentences. A syllable generally form in English are a vowel sound alone, a vowel before a consonant, a vowel after a consonant or a vowel between consonant. In factual pronunciation, one may stress a syllable by giving it a higher pitch, making it louder, or making it longer or perhaps by combination of all three. According on the several definitions about stress, writer conclude that stress is increasing volume to give emphasis which is usually combined with other things like changes in tone and tempo, that use to convey some kinds of meaning (semantic and pragmatic) such as urgency or anger of for such things as imperative.
Stress consist of words stress and sentences stress but in this paper will concern in words stress. Word stress is the stress accent on the syllables of individual words either in a sentence or in isolation. There are two very simple rules about word stress:
• One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. Each word of two or more syllables has one syllable that is longer and louder than the others, it has primary stress [with symbol (/) but in several examples written with capital letters]. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress (/) is much smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words. Symbol (-) is refer to unstressed syllables and in the several examples below written with italic fonts which have a short, soft vowel and may be different to hear at first.)
• We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
Words stress on the two-syllable words can be stressed in two way, some of them are stressed with only primary stress either on the first or on the second syllable, and the other form is stressed with primary stress on the first syllable and secondary stress on the second syllable. Example:
Only Primary Stress on the first syllable
/ -
cli- mate
sol- dier
danc- es
On the second syllable
- /
ad- vice
ex- cite
sup- pose
Primary stress and secondary stress on two-syllable words which primary stress on the first syllable
/ /
ac- cent
ath- lete
fe- male
Primary stress on the second syllable
/ /
car- toon
cash- ier
un- do
Another examples of these stress patterns are in the compound words. A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme. English compounds may be classified in several ways, such as the word classes or the semantic relationship of their components.
Compounding (sometimes also called composition ) rather loosely as the combination of two words to form a new word. This definition contains two crucial assumptions, the first being that compounds consist of two (and not more) elements, the second being that these elements are words. As we will shortly see, both assumptions are in need of justification. We will discuss each in turn. There are, for example, compounds such as those in (1), which question the idea that compounding involves only two elements. The data are taken from a user’s manual for a computer printer:(1) power source requirement engine communication error communication technology equipment The data in (1) seem to suggest that a definition saying that compounding involves always two (and not more) words is overly restrictive. This impression is further enhanced by the fact that there are compounds with four, five or even more members, e.g. university teaching award committee member.
There are many patterns of compound words include compound noun. This is the largest subgrouping of compounds, and many types of semantic relationship can be isolated within this grouping, as well as different syntatic patterns. Compound noun in instance is have similarity with noun phrase but there are several differences between compound noun and noun such as different in semantic meaning and phonetic especially in stressing.
1. Stressing on the compound Noun
Compound noun is a result of deriviation. It is consist of two words (two components) that can be written separately, with a hyphen, or as one word. The use of the hyphen with compound noun is rather inconsistent and subject to change, so it is best to consult a good up-to-date dictionary.
Compound nouns are very common in English, so you need to stress them correctly. Many dictionaries give compound nouns as separate entries, but they don't always show the stress in them. In compound nouns, both components (both words) are stressed, and primary stress is on the first component (the first word) even if the two words are written separately. The second component is usually a noun. The first component can be a noun, a gerund, an adjective, a verb, example:
‘football, ‘armchair, ‘mailbox, ‘photograph, ‘telegram, ‘telescope, ‘writing desk, ‘swimming pool, ‘high school, ‘highway, ‘hot dog, ‘crybaby, ‘pushcart, ‘breakthrough.
The stress pattern can sometimes be a clue to whether a sequence of two words is a compound noun or not. For example, the sequence high and chair can be pronounced either ‘highchair, in which case it is a compound noun denoting a special kind of chair that babies sit in; or it can be pronounced high’chair, in which case it is simply the noun chair modified by the adjective high, denoting some chair that happens to be high. Unfortunately, the stress criterion is not found in all compounds. There are compounds like ‘apple ‘pie, ‘man’made and ‘easy-‘going which show no accent reduction.
A purely phonologically based division would make ‘blackberry a compound but black ‘pudding free sequence, ‘blacklist a compound but black ‘market a free sequence. Equally striking is the fact that whereas Oxford ‘road (also Oxford ‘avenue, etc.) would be a free collocation, ‘oxford Street would be a compound. These inconsistencies underline the fact that the category of compounds is a grammatical one, and that, although there is a tendency for it to be phonetically marked in a certain way, such marking is not perfectly regular.
Classification to the basic semantic relationships and morpho-syntatic criteria. There are several groups, the first group is made up of exocentric compounds. The pattern of noun + noun exocentric compounds is very resricted in productivity, but a few examples are ‘hatchback and ‘skinhead. The second group is made up of appositional compounds the first element marks the sex of a person: ‘boy-friend, ‘manservant, ‘woman doctor, and so on. Dvanda compounds, which make up the third group, have never been very common in English but the clearly example is ‘panty-hose.
The next group consists of compounds made up gerund + noun. For examples, ‘holding pattern, ‘parking orbit, ‘queing theory. The other group is that where the first element of the compound noun is a proper noun, such as Wellington airport, Jakarta museum. The final group of compound nouns made up of two common noun such as ‘playground, ‘dominotheory, and ‘family planning.
The controversy surrounding compounds turns on how many of the items should be considered compounds, and how many should be considered syntatic phrases. Some scholars such as Bloomfield, Lees, Marchand take stress as criterial to the compound, such as (a) ‘bankrate, ‘carbon-paper while those like (b) 'bank 'holiday, 'carbon di'oxide, 'trade-'union are syntatic phrases. Others (Adam, Bauer, Downing) consider that all the items (a) and (b) are compounds independent of stress, and that for this particular subset of compounds it is the collocation of two nouns which shows that the construction is a compound. Unfortunately, this controversy will not be discussed furthermore in this paper.
Primary stress on the first component reflects the tight connection between the two parts of a compound noun. This stress is the main distinguishing mark between a compound noun (stress on the first component) and a regular / free Attribute + Noun combination in which primary stress is on the second word (on the noun). Several examples of compound nouns that are usually written as two separate words and have primary stress on the first word:
‘cell phone, com’puter monitor, ‘mineral water, ‘fruit juice, ‘pork chop, ‘carving knife, ‘math student, ‘grammar book, ‘living room, ‘light bulb, ‘parking lot, ‘driving test, ‘drinking problem, ‘heart disease, ‘train station, ‘bus stop.
2. The difference stressing of noun (noun phrase) and compound noun in a word
In grammar, a noun phrase (abbreviated NP) is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun, optionally accompanied by a modifier set. Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified ("premodified" if the modifier appears before the noun; "postmodified" if the modifier follows the noun). Possible modifiers include: determiners: articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), numerals (two, five, etc.), possessives (my, their, etc.), and quantifiers (some, many, etc.).
In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun; adjectives (the red ball); or complements, in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as: the student of physics), or a That-clause (the claim that the earth is round); modifiers; pre-modifiers if before the noun and usually either as nouns (the university student) or adjectives (the beautiful lady), or post-modifiers if after the noun. A postmodifier may be either a prepositional phrase (the man with long hair) or a relative clause (the house where I live).
Noun phrases can make use of an apposition structure. This means that the elements in the noun phrase are not in a head-modifier relationship, but in a relation of equality. An example of this is "Teacher" and "I" do not modify each other.
The head of a noun phrase can be implied, as in "The Bold and the Beautiful". Another example of noun phrase with implied head is "I choose the cheaper of the two". That noun phrases can be headed by elements other than nouns for instance, pronouns (They came) or determiners (I'll take these), has given rise to the postulation of a determiner phrase instead of a noun phrase. The English language is stricter than some other languages with regard to possible noun phrase heads.
In English, for some purposes, noun phrases can be treated as single grammatical units. This is most noticeable in the syntax of the English genitive case. The possibility for a noun phrase to play the role of subject and predicate leads to the constructions of syllogisms.
Stress patterns may distinguish a compound word from a noun phrase consisting of the same component words. For example, a ‘black ‘board, adjective plus noun, is any board that is black, and has equal stress on both elements. The compound ‘blackboard, on the other hand, though it may have started out historically as black board, now is stressed on only the first element, black. Thus a compound such as the ‘white house normally has a falling intonation which a phrase such as a white house does not.
3. Factors determining stress placement
Stress in English more strongly determines vowel quality than it does in most other world languages (although there are notable exceptions such as Russian). For example, in some varieties the syllables an, en, in, on and un are pronounced as homophones, that is, exactly alike. Native speakers can usually distinguish an able, enable, and unable because of their position in a sentence, but this is more difficult for inexperienced English speakers. Moreover, learners tend to over pronounce these unstressed vowels, giving their speech an unnatural rhythm.
English tends to be a stress-timed language - this means that stressed syllables are roughly equidistant in time, no matter how many syllables come in between. Although some other languages, e.g., German and Russian, are also stress-timed, most of the world's other major languages are syllable-timed, with each syllable coming at an equal time after the previous one. Learners from these languages often have a staccato rhythm when speaking English that is disconcerting to a native speaker.
"Stress for emphasis" - students' own languages may not use stress for emphasis as English does. "Stress for contrast" - stressing the right word or expression. This may not come easily to some non-native speakers. "Emphatic apologies" - the normally unstressed auxiliary is stressed (I really am very sorry)
In English there are quite a number of words - about fifty - that have two different pronunciations, depending on whether they are stressed. They are "grammatical words": pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs and conjunctions. Most students tend to overuse the strong form, which is pronounced with the written vowel.
In languages with lexical stress, the placement of the stress assignment are needed. In languages with predictable stress, prominence is assigned according to grammatical and sometimes also phonological factors.
a. Grammatical factors
The most obvious grammatical factor in determining stress placement is the word boundary. As noted, some languages assign stress to first syllable, others to the the penultimate syllable of each word, etc. The grammatical boundary which is relevant for stress placement may vary somewhat from language to language. In other languages, stress is automatically placed on the stem of each word.
In addition to boundary information, stress rules must sometimes make reference to grammatical categories. It was observed that in some bisyllabic noun-verb pairs in English, stress is assigned to the first syllable in nouns for example 'convert, but to the second syllable in verbs for example con'vert. Since stress is expected on the penultimate syllable, infinitives constitute an exception to general rule. One possibility is to have a morphologized stress assignment rule which would make explicit reference to the category "infinitive", much as the English rule must refer to the categories "noun" and "verb". Since historically there was such a vowel on infinitives, we at least gain some insight into how a morphologized rule can come into being (final stress assignment in infinitives).
b. Phonological factors
While languages with fixed stress single out a particular syllable of a word for stress, that syllable may be more or less "stressable" depending on its phonological structure. Correlating with stress is a changing pitch (usually rising from an unstressed syllable), greater duration (for example, vowel lengthening in a unstressed syllable), greater duration (for example, the tendency for consonants to be become aspirated or geminated). Stress is retracted back further and further until it finds a compatible syllable. In the event that there is no preceding heavy syllable, stress is expected on the first syllable.
C. PROCEDURE OF COLLECTING DATA
1. Respondent
In this small project, there are four respondents who are on the fourth semester of English education program in STAIN Parepare. Actually, there are more than hundred students in here but only four girls that was lucky to become my respondents, they are Mz.T, Mz.R, Mz.AB, and Mz.ND.
2. Instrument
In collecting data, this research used recording technique where the respondent has been recorded using a mobilephone. They have red several sentences that was provided by the writter in an outline. Each of sentence consists of several noun compounds and noun phrases, they are:
CN - NP
Bluegrass Blue grass
Greenroom Green room
Darkhorse Dark horse
Blackcountry Black country
White hat White hat
Greenhouse Green house
Darkroom Dark room
Blackbird Black bird
Bluebird Blue bird
Bluemoon Blue moon
White house White House
Hotdog Hot dog
Fathead Fat head
Badnews Bad news
Newstar New star
Lighthouse Light house
Yellowpages Yellow pages
Sweetpotato Sweet Potato
Quickstep Quick step
Hardship Hard ship
Roughneck Rough neck
Smallchange Small change
Smallfry Small fry
Then, all the words are put into the sentences, as follow:
1. There is no blue grass in US but there are millions of bluegrass.
2. This green room is a greenroom for the actors and actress who are off stage.
3. A darkhorse comes to my home with a dark horse.
4. Blackcountry isn't term for a black country but it's for area of industry.
5. The man who wears white hat seems like a white hat and gentlemen.
6. They bought a green house which have greenhouse and there was a darkroom in the basement, but unfortunately their kitchen was a dark room and very dirty.
7. I saw a black bird in the yard and i didn't think it was a bluebird because it wasn't blue bird and seemed like a blackbird, it was same when someone said bluemoon although it wasn't blue moon even yellow instead.
8. I live in a white house near of The White House.
9. Dalmatian is one of hot dog that really likes to eat hotdog.
10. I've never seen a fat head but i always see a fathead in the front of my school.
11. I was listening bad news when you told the badnews.
12. A new star in hollywood has a planning to research about newstar.
13. We stay in the light house with two paviliums behind the lighthouse.
14. I have several book with yellow pages and two of them are yellowpages.
15. I prefer sweet potato than sweetpotato.
16. She gets her quick step to go to quickstep.
17. I find hardship to stay and work in a hard ship.
18. I even can imagine how the roughneck really has a rough neck.
19. There is only small change for smallchange during in the past ten years.
20. Club of smallfry in London has a small fry in Mark's home.
3. Procedures of Collecting Data
After determining the respondents, At the evening about half to seven at Friday night, on june 10th, 2011. The writer went to Mz.AB's cottage and asked her to read the instrument and fortunately the writer got: "Ok...!!", as her final answer. Then, she went to her room and record her sound by her phone. Successed to get the first respondent, the writer continued to the project of respondent hunt. On June 14th, 2011 at 8 a.m. There was a girls, Mz.T, who was sitting in her class and little bit busy with her homework. The writer tried more close to get her attention and asked her wheter she wanted to become the second respondent or not. As a final result, she took her step away from the writer to record her beauty sound. Ten minutes later after taking the 2nd respondent sound. The great result was more appear clearly in the process of respondent hunt when the writer found Mz. ND was walking to her class with her friend. In the front of her class without small talk and without any useless action, the writer showed the instrument and she directly understood what was the meaning and said yes. She recorded her sound by her friend mobile phone, Alhamdulillah. Finding the last respondent was a hard work, some of students who were the writer's target couldn't give their sexy sounds because several reasons. Fortunately, On Wednesday at 15th June 2011, 6:55 p.m., the writer met Mz.R in her cottage and gave her the instrument. There was not too much time to convince her to doing it. She took the phone and instrument to record her sound.
D. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
1. Finding
a. First respondent (Mz. R)
1. 'blue grass - 'bluegrass
2. 'green 'room - 'greenroom
3. 'dark'horse - 'dark 'horse
4. 'blackcountry - 'black 'country
5. 'white 'hat - 'whitehat
6. 'green house - 'greenhouse - 'darkroom - 'dark room
7.'black bird - 'bluebird - 'blue 'bird - 'blackbird - blue'moon - 'blue 'moon
8. 'white 'house - 'white house
9. 'hot 'dog - 'hotdog
10. 'fat 'head - 'fathead
11. 'bad 'news - 'badnews
12. 'new 'star - 'newstar
13. 'light 'house - 'lighthouse
14. 'yellow pages -'yellowpages
15. 'sweet 'potato - 'sweet potato
16. 'quick step - 'quickstep
17. 'hardship - 'hard 'ship
18. 'roughneck - 'rough 'neck
19. 'small 'change - 'smallchange
20. 'smallfry - 'small 'fry
b. Second respondent (Mz. T)
1. 'blue 'grass - 'bluegrass
2. 'green room - greenroom
3. 'darkhorse - 'dark 'horse
4. 'blackcountry - 'black 'country
5. 'white hat - 'white 'hat
6. 'green 'house - 'greenhouse - 'darkroom - 'dark room
7. 'black bird - 'bluebird - 'blue bird - 'blackbird - 'bluemoon - 'blue moon
8. 'white 'house - 'white house
9. 'hot 'dog - 'hotdog
10. 'fathead - fathead
11. 'bad 'news - 'badnews
12. 'new 'star - 'newstar
13. 'light 'house - 'lighthouse
14. 'yellow pages - 'yellowpages
15. 'sweet 'potato - 'sweetpotato
16. 'quick step - 'quickstep
17. 'hardship - 'hard 'ship
18. roughneck - 'rough 'neck
19. 'small change - 'smallchange
20. 'smallfry - 'small fry
c. The third respondent ( Mz. ND)
1. 'blue grass - bluegrass
2. 'green room - greenroom
3. 'darkhorse - 'dark horse
4. 'blackcountry - 'black 'country
5. 'white 'hat - 'white hat
6. 'green house - 'greenhouse
7. 'black bird - bluebird - blue bird - 'blackbird - blue'moon - 'blue 'moon
8. 'white house - 'White House
9. 'hot dog - 'hotdog
10. 'fat head - 'fathead
11. 'bad news - 'badnews
12. 'new star - 'newstar
13. 'light 'house - 'lighthouse
14. 'yellow pages - 'yellowpages
15. 'sweet 'potato - 'sweetpotato
16. 'quick step - 'quickstep
17. 'hardship - 'hardship
18. 'roughneck - 'rough 'neck
19. 'small change - 'smallchange
20. 'smallfry - 'small fry
d. The fourth respondent (Mz. AB)
1. 'blue grass - bluegrass
2. 'green 'room - 'greenroom
3. 'darkhorse - 'dark horse
4. 'blackcountry - 'black country
5. 'white hat - 'white hat
6. 'green house - 'greenhouse - 'darkroom - 'dark room
7. 'black bird - 'bluebird - 'blue bird - 'blackbird - 'bluemoon - 'blue moon
8. 'white 'house - 'White House
9. 'hot 'dog - 'hotdog
10. 'fat 'head - fat'head
11. 'bad news - 'badnews
12. 'new 'star - 'newstar
13. 'light 'house - 'lighthouse
14. 'yellow pages - yellowpages
15. 'sweet potato - 'sweet 'potato
16. 'quick step - quickstep
17. 'hardship - 'hard ship
18. roughneck - 'rough neck
19. 'small change - 'smallchange
20. 'smallfry - 'small fry
2. Discussion
Discussing about stress pattern in compound nouns and noun phrase. Several linguists, include Laurie Bauer assumed that there is incosistency in stress patterning for compounds, which can change stress pattern depending on wheter they are used attributively or predicatively. However, there is no final answer for this controversy and it's limited for only several compounds not at all. Therefore, in this research still used the general rules where compound nouns get stressing in the first syllable and noun phrase still is considering in the first and second syllable.
Emphasizing of stress aspect as a theme in this small project find that most of the respondent get confusing to use stress in compound nouns and noun phrase properly. It's shown by the data which find that there are 48 innapropriate stress in noun phrase and there are 15 errors on stressing in compound noun. From 46 words as instrument in each of sentence which consist of 23 noun phrases and 23 compound nouns. Average of the respondent has 4 errors in stressing for compound nouns and 12 errors in noun phrase. In addition, most of the error is happen because they produce compound nouns and noun phrase in the similar way.
Looking at the data, noun phrase is become the most difficult items to get a proper stress. It's because most of them sometimes neglect, forget or even unknowing to assign stress in the 2nd syllable. Moreover, confusing on stressing in noun phrase isn't single issue at this small project. Furthermore, they also confuse to use stress for compound nouns properly. As the result of the data, the respondents even don't give any stress in compound nouns.
According on the result of this small project, the writer find there are several reasons why the respondents get confuse to assign and distinguish stress in compound nouns and noun phrases properly, they are:
• Stress involves making the stressed syllable longer, clearer, louder and high pitched to construct the meaning. It's for distinguish between noun compounds and noun phrases. Unfortunately, it doesn't exist in Bahasa Indonesia. Comparing this example:
white house ('white 'house) as noun phrase
White House ('white house) as compound noun, with
panjang tangan as noun phrase
panjang tangan as compound noun.
• Probably, most of STAIN's students are unfamiliar with word stress rules and inexperience to using it.
• The first language dialect also exists as the biggest influence to build their way to assign stress.
E. CONCLUSION
Based on the findings and discussions, the writer concluded that most of the student on 4th semester of English education program in STAIN Parepare can't easily to distinguish the way to assign proper stress on the compound nouns and especially in the noun phrases. The main factor that becomes source in this problem is almost of the students get a big influence from their first language, so that they pronounce English sounds in their first language way.
REFERENCES
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0wNTe_h-IacJ:www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncompound.htm+compound+noun&cd=1&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.co.id, by: leo network
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:3fkpVhnZeIAJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28linguistics%29+stress+linguistic&cd=1&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&source=www.google.co.id, by: wikipedia
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:kuxR_fiCSBsJ:www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-rules.htm+stress+in+compound+noun&cd=3&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.co.id, by: EnglishClub.com
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ZCaOZBA3FqUJ:coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Summer96/Morphsem/skoelsch/node7.html+stress+in+compound+noun&cd=4&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.co.id, by: Dafydd Gibbon, Thu Jun 13 17:33:32 MET DST 1996,
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I5DN0wiG8BcJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_compound+stress+in+compound+noun&cd=8&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.co.id, by: wikipedia
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7ODkyfSejyQJ:www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/568876/stress+stress+in+lingustic&cd=3&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&source=www.google.co.id, by: Encyclopædia Britannica
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/51220297/26/Stress-in-compounds, by: Ingo Plag
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WxdJszZuchIJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_foreign_or_second_language+stress+in+english+for+english+learner&cd=2&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&source=www.google.co.id, Wikipedia
(MARCONI / 09.093.O67 / PBI A2 SEM. IV)
A. BACKGROUND
Pronunciation according on the oxford dictionary refers to the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. In English sound system, there are many styles of speech for each individual which is influenced by a variety of causes such as locality, early influences, and social surroundings. The pronunciation of English involves the production of individual or isolated sounds and utterance of words, phrases, and sentences with correct spelling and stressing or rhytm intonation.
The complex of English sounds have been a serious issue for almost of English learners because they find difficulty to transfer of phonological aspects from their first language to English. Especially for almost indonesian learners of English are confusing to produce sequence of sounds perfectly because it is too complicated. Some of vowel and consonant in English do not exist in Indonesian language system, such as / /, / /, / /. In addition, most of English learners in Indonesia are even belonging to use some of English terms such as clusters, aspirated sounds and stress in incorrectly way. Even though stress is also used in Indonesia but you have to notice that it doesn't help you clearly about English stressing. It must be remembered that stressing in Indonesian language couldn't be used to differ a word with another. However stressing in English is one of important thing to construct a meaning or to differ an ambigue word, such as word "progress" as a noun which is stressed in the beginning of syllable word and "progress" as a verb which is stressed in the second of syllable word.
Confusing to use stressing of English correctly for Indonesian learners is also happen for the students on the 4th semester of English Education program in Stain Parepare. As a fact many of students can't use stressing properly in a word. Furthermore, they also make some mistaken and find difficulty to distinguish stressing in compound words and in phrase words correctly, in this case for example between compound noun and noun phrase. Almost of them are unaware or even unknowing about it. However, the problem will come when they make conversation with the others. For example, when you want to say "there is a pen in the bottom of a ‘black ‘board beside of a ‘blackboard", if you produce ‘black ‘board and ‘blackboard in the similiar way. Surely, will be being your listener to confusing situation and even his or her may get miscommunication. Therefore, using stressing for compound words and phrase words will make your communication easier than not. So that considering about this problem, this small project will concern to analyze how the students on the 4th semester of English Education Program in Stain Parepare get confuse to distinguish stressing in a compound word and in a phrase word, also several reasons or factors as causes of this problem.
B. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Stress refers to the degree of forces or loudness. Stress in oxford dictionary is emphasis given to a particular syllable or word in speech, typically through a combination of relatively greater loudness, higher pitch , and longer duration. Normally, the stress falls on the first syllable. In addition, stress in Encyclopædia Britannica is intensity given to a syllable of speech by special effort in utterance, resulting in relative loudness. It also has been defined in basically two ways there are: first, in terms of its phonetic properties; second, in terms of linguistic function. Stress indicates the importance of a syllable (a part of a word) and the importance of certain words in phrase and sentences. A syllable generally form in English are a vowel sound alone, a vowel before a consonant, a vowel after a consonant or a vowel between consonant. In factual pronunciation, one may stress a syllable by giving it a higher pitch, making it louder, or making it longer or perhaps by combination of all three. According on the several definitions about stress, writer conclude that stress is increasing volume to give emphasis which is usually combined with other things like changes in tone and tempo, that use to convey some kinds of meaning (semantic and pragmatic) such as urgency or anger of for such things as imperative.
Stress consist of words stress and sentences stress but in this paper will concern in words stress. Word stress is the stress accent on the syllables of individual words either in a sentence or in isolation. There are two very simple rules about word stress:
• One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. Each word of two or more syllables has one syllable that is longer and louder than the others, it has primary stress [with symbol (/) but in several examples written with capital letters]. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress (/) is much smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words. Symbol (-) is refer to unstressed syllables and in the several examples below written with italic fonts which have a short, soft vowel and may be different to hear at first.)
• We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
Words stress on the two-syllable words can be stressed in two way, some of them are stressed with only primary stress either on the first or on the second syllable, and the other form is stressed with primary stress on the first syllable and secondary stress on the second syllable. Example:
Only Primary Stress on the first syllable
/ -
cli- mate
sol- dier
danc- es
On the second syllable
- /
ad- vice
ex- cite
sup- pose
Primary stress and secondary stress on two-syllable words which primary stress on the first syllable
/ /
ac- cent
ath- lete
fe- male
Primary stress on the second syllable
/ /
car- toon
cash- ier
un- do
Another examples of these stress patterns are in the compound words. A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme. English compounds may be classified in several ways, such as the word classes or the semantic relationship of their components.
Compounding (sometimes also called composition ) rather loosely as the combination of two words to form a new word. This definition contains two crucial assumptions, the first being that compounds consist of two (and not more) elements, the second being that these elements are words. As we will shortly see, both assumptions are in need of justification. We will discuss each in turn. There are, for example, compounds such as those in (1), which question the idea that compounding involves only two elements. The data are taken from a user’s manual for a computer printer:(1) power source requirement engine communication error communication technology equipment The data in (1) seem to suggest that a definition saying that compounding involves always two (and not more) words is overly restrictive. This impression is further enhanced by the fact that there are compounds with four, five or even more members, e.g. university teaching award committee member.
There are many patterns of compound words include compound noun. This is the largest subgrouping of compounds, and many types of semantic relationship can be isolated within this grouping, as well as different syntatic patterns. Compound noun in instance is have similarity with noun phrase but there are several differences between compound noun and noun such as different in semantic meaning and phonetic especially in stressing.
1. Stressing on the compound Noun
Compound noun is a result of deriviation. It is consist of two words (two components) that can be written separately, with a hyphen, or as one word. The use of the hyphen with compound noun is rather inconsistent and subject to change, so it is best to consult a good up-to-date dictionary.
Compound nouns are very common in English, so you need to stress them correctly. Many dictionaries give compound nouns as separate entries, but they don't always show the stress in them. In compound nouns, both components (both words) are stressed, and primary stress is on the first component (the first word) even if the two words are written separately. The second component is usually a noun. The first component can be a noun, a gerund, an adjective, a verb, example:
‘football, ‘armchair, ‘mailbox, ‘photograph, ‘telegram, ‘telescope, ‘writing desk, ‘swimming pool, ‘high school, ‘highway, ‘hot dog, ‘crybaby, ‘pushcart, ‘breakthrough.
The stress pattern can sometimes be a clue to whether a sequence of two words is a compound noun or not. For example, the sequence high and chair can be pronounced either ‘highchair, in which case it is a compound noun denoting a special kind of chair that babies sit in; or it can be pronounced high’chair, in which case it is simply the noun chair modified by the adjective high, denoting some chair that happens to be high. Unfortunately, the stress criterion is not found in all compounds. There are compounds like ‘apple ‘pie, ‘man’made and ‘easy-‘going which show no accent reduction.
A purely phonologically based division would make ‘blackberry a compound but black ‘pudding free sequence, ‘blacklist a compound but black ‘market a free sequence. Equally striking is the fact that whereas Oxford ‘road (also Oxford ‘avenue, etc.) would be a free collocation, ‘oxford Street would be a compound. These inconsistencies underline the fact that the category of compounds is a grammatical one, and that, although there is a tendency for it to be phonetically marked in a certain way, such marking is not perfectly regular.
Classification to the basic semantic relationships and morpho-syntatic criteria. There are several groups, the first group is made up of exocentric compounds. The pattern of noun + noun exocentric compounds is very resricted in productivity, but a few examples are ‘hatchback and ‘skinhead. The second group is made up of appositional compounds the first element marks the sex of a person: ‘boy-friend, ‘manservant, ‘woman doctor, and so on. Dvanda compounds, which make up the third group, have never been very common in English but the clearly example is ‘panty-hose.
The next group consists of compounds made up gerund + noun. For examples, ‘holding pattern, ‘parking orbit, ‘queing theory. The other group is that where the first element of the compound noun is a proper noun, such as Wellington airport, Jakarta museum. The final group of compound nouns made up of two common noun such as ‘playground, ‘dominotheory, and ‘family planning.
The controversy surrounding compounds turns on how many of the items should be considered compounds, and how many should be considered syntatic phrases. Some scholars such as Bloomfield, Lees, Marchand take stress as criterial to the compound, such as (a) ‘bankrate, ‘carbon-paper while those like (b) 'bank 'holiday, 'carbon di'oxide, 'trade-'union are syntatic phrases. Others (Adam, Bauer, Downing) consider that all the items (a) and (b) are compounds independent of stress, and that for this particular subset of compounds it is the collocation of two nouns which shows that the construction is a compound. Unfortunately, this controversy will not be discussed furthermore in this paper.
Primary stress on the first component reflects the tight connection between the two parts of a compound noun. This stress is the main distinguishing mark between a compound noun (stress on the first component) and a regular / free Attribute + Noun combination in which primary stress is on the second word (on the noun). Several examples of compound nouns that are usually written as two separate words and have primary stress on the first word:
‘cell phone, com’puter monitor, ‘mineral water, ‘fruit juice, ‘pork chop, ‘carving knife, ‘math student, ‘grammar book, ‘living room, ‘light bulb, ‘parking lot, ‘driving test, ‘drinking problem, ‘heart disease, ‘train station, ‘bus stop.
2. The difference stressing of noun (noun phrase) and compound noun in a word
In grammar, a noun phrase (abbreviated NP) is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun, optionally accompanied by a modifier set. Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified ("premodified" if the modifier appears before the noun; "postmodified" if the modifier follows the noun). Possible modifiers include: determiners: articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), numerals (two, five, etc.), possessives (my, their, etc.), and quantifiers (some, many, etc.).
In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun; adjectives (the red ball); or complements, in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as: the student of physics), or a That-clause (the claim that the earth is round); modifiers; pre-modifiers if before the noun and usually either as nouns (the university student) or adjectives (the beautiful lady), or post-modifiers if after the noun. A postmodifier may be either a prepositional phrase (the man with long hair) or a relative clause (the house where I live).
Noun phrases can make use of an apposition structure. This means that the elements in the noun phrase are not in a head-modifier relationship, but in a relation of equality. An example of this is "Teacher" and "I" do not modify each other.
The head of a noun phrase can be implied, as in "The Bold and the Beautiful". Another example of noun phrase with implied head is "I choose the cheaper of the two". That noun phrases can be headed by elements other than nouns for instance, pronouns (They came) or determiners (I'll take these), has given rise to the postulation of a determiner phrase instead of a noun phrase. The English language is stricter than some other languages with regard to possible noun phrase heads.
In English, for some purposes, noun phrases can be treated as single grammatical units. This is most noticeable in the syntax of the English genitive case. The possibility for a noun phrase to play the role of subject and predicate leads to the constructions of syllogisms.
Stress patterns may distinguish a compound word from a noun phrase consisting of the same component words. For example, a ‘black ‘board, adjective plus noun, is any board that is black, and has equal stress on both elements. The compound ‘blackboard, on the other hand, though it may have started out historically as black board, now is stressed on only the first element, black. Thus a compound such as the ‘white house normally has a falling intonation which a phrase such as a white house does not.
3. Factors determining stress placement
Stress in English more strongly determines vowel quality than it does in most other world languages (although there are notable exceptions such as Russian). For example, in some varieties the syllables an, en, in, on and un are pronounced as homophones, that is, exactly alike. Native speakers can usually distinguish an able, enable, and unable because of their position in a sentence, but this is more difficult for inexperienced English speakers. Moreover, learners tend to over pronounce these unstressed vowels, giving their speech an unnatural rhythm.
English tends to be a stress-timed language - this means that stressed syllables are roughly equidistant in time, no matter how many syllables come in between. Although some other languages, e.g., German and Russian, are also stress-timed, most of the world's other major languages are syllable-timed, with each syllable coming at an equal time after the previous one. Learners from these languages often have a staccato rhythm when speaking English that is disconcerting to a native speaker.
"Stress for emphasis" - students' own languages may not use stress for emphasis as English does. "Stress for contrast" - stressing the right word or expression. This may not come easily to some non-native speakers. "Emphatic apologies" - the normally unstressed auxiliary is stressed (I really am very sorry)
In English there are quite a number of words - about fifty - that have two different pronunciations, depending on whether they are stressed. They are "grammatical words": pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs and conjunctions. Most students tend to overuse the strong form, which is pronounced with the written vowel.
In languages with lexical stress, the placement of the stress assignment are needed. In languages with predictable stress, prominence is assigned according to grammatical and sometimes also phonological factors.
a. Grammatical factors
The most obvious grammatical factor in determining stress placement is the word boundary. As noted, some languages assign stress to first syllable, others to the the penultimate syllable of each word, etc. The grammatical boundary which is relevant for stress placement may vary somewhat from language to language. In other languages, stress is automatically placed on the stem of each word.
In addition to boundary information, stress rules must sometimes make reference to grammatical categories. It was observed that in some bisyllabic noun-verb pairs in English, stress is assigned to the first syllable in nouns for example 'convert, but to the second syllable in verbs for example con'vert. Since stress is expected on the penultimate syllable, infinitives constitute an exception to general rule. One possibility is to have a morphologized stress assignment rule which would make explicit reference to the category "infinitive", much as the English rule must refer to the categories "noun" and "verb". Since historically there was such a vowel on infinitives, we at least gain some insight into how a morphologized rule can come into being (final stress assignment in infinitives).
b. Phonological factors
While languages with fixed stress single out a particular syllable of a word for stress, that syllable may be more or less "stressable" depending on its phonological structure. Correlating with stress is a changing pitch (usually rising from an unstressed syllable), greater duration (for example, vowel lengthening in a unstressed syllable), greater duration (for example, the tendency for consonants to be become aspirated or geminated). Stress is retracted back further and further until it finds a compatible syllable. In the event that there is no preceding heavy syllable, stress is expected on the first syllable.
C. PROCEDURE OF COLLECTING DATA
1. Respondent
In this small project, there are four respondents who are on the fourth semester of English education program in STAIN Parepare. Actually, there are more than hundred students in here but only four girls that was lucky to become my respondents, they are Mz.T, Mz.R, Mz.AB, and Mz.ND.
2. Instrument
In collecting data, this research used recording technique where the respondent has been recorded using a mobilephone. They have red several sentences that was provided by the writter in an outline. Each of sentence consists of several noun compounds and noun phrases, they are:
CN - NP
Bluegrass Blue grass
Greenroom Green room
Darkhorse Dark horse
Blackcountry Black country
White hat White hat
Greenhouse Green house
Darkroom Dark room
Blackbird Black bird
Bluebird Blue bird
Bluemoon Blue moon
White house White House
Hotdog Hot dog
Fathead Fat head
Badnews Bad news
Newstar New star
Lighthouse Light house
Yellowpages Yellow pages
Sweetpotato Sweet Potato
Quickstep Quick step
Hardship Hard ship
Roughneck Rough neck
Smallchange Small change
Smallfry Small fry
Then, all the words are put into the sentences, as follow:
1. There is no blue grass in US but there are millions of bluegrass.
2. This green room is a greenroom for the actors and actress who are off stage.
3. A darkhorse comes to my home with a dark horse.
4. Blackcountry isn't term for a black country but it's for area of industry.
5. The man who wears white hat seems like a white hat and gentlemen.
6. They bought a green house which have greenhouse and there was a darkroom in the basement, but unfortunately their kitchen was a dark room and very dirty.
7. I saw a black bird in the yard and i didn't think it was a bluebird because it wasn't blue bird and seemed like a blackbird, it was same when someone said bluemoon although it wasn't blue moon even yellow instead.
8. I live in a white house near of The White House.
9. Dalmatian is one of hot dog that really likes to eat hotdog.
10. I've never seen a fat head but i always see a fathead in the front of my school.
11. I was listening bad news when you told the badnews.
12. A new star in hollywood has a planning to research about newstar.
13. We stay in the light house with two paviliums behind the lighthouse.
14. I have several book with yellow pages and two of them are yellowpages.
15. I prefer sweet potato than sweetpotato.
16. She gets her quick step to go to quickstep.
17. I find hardship to stay and work in a hard ship.
18. I even can imagine how the roughneck really has a rough neck.
19. There is only small change for smallchange during in the past ten years.
20. Club of smallfry in London has a small fry in Mark's home.
3. Procedures of Collecting Data
After determining the respondents, At the evening about half to seven at Friday night, on june 10th, 2011. The writer went to Mz.AB's cottage and asked her to read the instrument and fortunately the writer got: "Ok...!!", as her final answer. Then, she went to her room and record her sound by her phone. Successed to get the first respondent, the writer continued to the project of respondent hunt. On June 14th, 2011 at 8 a.m. There was a girls, Mz.T, who was sitting in her class and little bit busy with her homework. The writer tried more close to get her attention and asked her wheter she wanted to become the second respondent or not. As a final result, she took her step away from the writer to record her beauty sound. Ten minutes later after taking the 2nd respondent sound. The great result was more appear clearly in the process of respondent hunt when the writer found Mz. ND was walking to her class with her friend. In the front of her class without small talk and without any useless action, the writer showed the instrument and she directly understood what was the meaning and said yes. She recorded her sound by her friend mobile phone, Alhamdulillah. Finding the last respondent was a hard work, some of students who were the writer's target couldn't give their sexy sounds because several reasons. Fortunately, On Wednesday at 15th June 2011, 6:55 p.m., the writer met Mz.R in her cottage and gave her the instrument. There was not too much time to convince her to doing it. She took the phone and instrument to record her sound.
D. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
1. Finding
a. First respondent (Mz. R)
1. 'blue grass - 'bluegrass
2. 'green 'room - 'greenroom
3. 'dark'horse - 'dark 'horse
4. 'blackcountry - 'black 'country
5. 'white 'hat - 'whitehat
6. 'green house - 'greenhouse - 'darkroom - 'dark room
7.'black bird - 'bluebird - 'blue 'bird - 'blackbird - blue'moon - 'blue 'moon
8. 'white 'house - 'white house
9. 'hot 'dog - 'hotdog
10. 'fat 'head - 'fathead
11. 'bad 'news - 'badnews
12. 'new 'star - 'newstar
13. 'light 'house - 'lighthouse
14. 'yellow pages -'yellowpages
15. 'sweet 'potato - 'sweet potato
16. 'quick step - 'quickstep
17. 'hardship - 'hard 'ship
18. 'roughneck - 'rough 'neck
19. 'small 'change - 'smallchange
20. 'smallfry - 'small 'fry
b. Second respondent (Mz. T)
1. 'blue 'grass - 'bluegrass
2. 'green room - greenroom
3. 'darkhorse - 'dark 'horse
4. 'blackcountry - 'black 'country
5. 'white hat - 'white 'hat
6. 'green 'house - 'greenhouse - 'darkroom - 'dark room
7. 'black bird - 'bluebird - 'blue bird - 'blackbird - 'bluemoon - 'blue moon
8. 'white 'house - 'white house
9. 'hot 'dog - 'hotdog
10. 'fathead - fathead
11. 'bad 'news - 'badnews
12. 'new 'star - 'newstar
13. 'light 'house - 'lighthouse
14. 'yellow pages - 'yellowpages
15. 'sweet 'potato - 'sweetpotato
16. 'quick step - 'quickstep
17. 'hardship - 'hard 'ship
18. roughneck - 'rough 'neck
19. 'small change - 'smallchange
20. 'smallfry - 'small fry
c. The third respondent ( Mz. ND)
1. 'blue grass - bluegrass
2. 'green room - greenroom
3. 'darkhorse - 'dark horse
4. 'blackcountry - 'black 'country
5. 'white 'hat - 'white hat
6. 'green house - 'greenhouse
7. 'black bird - bluebird - blue bird - 'blackbird - blue'moon - 'blue 'moon
8. 'white house - 'White House
9. 'hot dog - 'hotdog
10. 'fat head - 'fathead
11. 'bad news - 'badnews
12. 'new star - 'newstar
13. 'light 'house - 'lighthouse
14. 'yellow pages - 'yellowpages
15. 'sweet 'potato - 'sweetpotato
16. 'quick step - 'quickstep
17. 'hardship - 'hardship
18. 'roughneck - 'rough 'neck
19. 'small change - 'smallchange
20. 'smallfry - 'small fry
d. The fourth respondent (Mz. AB)
1. 'blue grass - bluegrass
2. 'green 'room - 'greenroom
3. 'darkhorse - 'dark horse
4. 'blackcountry - 'black country
5. 'white hat - 'white hat
6. 'green house - 'greenhouse - 'darkroom - 'dark room
7. 'black bird - 'bluebird - 'blue bird - 'blackbird - 'bluemoon - 'blue moon
8. 'white 'house - 'White House
9. 'hot 'dog - 'hotdog
10. 'fat 'head - fat'head
11. 'bad news - 'badnews
12. 'new 'star - 'newstar
13. 'light 'house - 'lighthouse
14. 'yellow pages - yellowpages
15. 'sweet potato - 'sweet 'potato
16. 'quick step - quickstep
17. 'hardship - 'hard ship
18. roughneck - 'rough neck
19. 'small change - 'smallchange
20. 'smallfry - 'small fry
2. Discussion
Discussing about stress pattern in compound nouns and noun phrase. Several linguists, include Laurie Bauer assumed that there is incosistency in stress patterning for compounds, which can change stress pattern depending on wheter they are used attributively or predicatively. However, there is no final answer for this controversy and it's limited for only several compounds not at all. Therefore, in this research still used the general rules where compound nouns get stressing in the first syllable and noun phrase still is considering in the first and second syllable.
Emphasizing of stress aspect as a theme in this small project find that most of the respondent get confusing to use stress in compound nouns and noun phrase properly. It's shown by the data which find that there are 48 innapropriate stress in noun phrase and there are 15 errors on stressing in compound noun. From 46 words as instrument in each of sentence which consist of 23 noun phrases and 23 compound nouns. Average of the respondent has 4 errors in stressing for compound nouns and 12 errors in noun phrase. In addition, most of the error is happen because they produce compound nouns and noun phrase in the similar way.
Looking at the data, noun phrase is become the most difficult items to get a proper stress. It's because most of them sometimes neglect, forget or even unknowing to assign stress in the 2nd syllable. Moreover, confusing on stressing in noun phrase isn't single issue at this small project. Furthermore, they also confuse to use stress for compound nouns properly. As the result of the data, the respondents even don't give any stress in compound nouns.
According on the result of this small project, the writer find there are several reasons why the respondents get confuse to assign and distinguish stress in compound nouns and noun phrases properly, they are:
• Stress involves making the stressed syllable longer, clearer, louder and high pitched to construct the meaning. It's for distinguish between noun compounds and noun phrases. Unfortunately, it doesn't exist in Bahasa Indonesia. Comparing this example:
white house ('white 'house) as noun phrase
White House ('white house) as compound noun, with
panjang tangan as noun phrase
panjang tangan as compound noun.
• Probably, most of STAIN's students are unfamiliar with word stress rules and inexperience to using it.
• The first language dialect also exists as the biggest influence to build their way to assign stress.
E. CONCLUSION
Based on the findings and discussions, the writer concluded that most of the student on 4th semester of English education program in STAIN Parepare can't easily to distinguish the way to assign proper stress on the compound nouns and especially in the noun phrases. The main factor that becomes source in this problem is almost of the students get a big influence from their first language, so that they pronounce English sounds in their first language way.
REFERENCES
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0wNTe_h-IacJ:www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncompound.htm+compound+noun&cd=1&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.co.id, by: leo network
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:3fkpVhnZeIAJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28linguistics%29+stress+linguistic&cd=1&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&source=www.google.co.id, by: wikipedia
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:kuxR_fiCSBsJ:www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-rules.htm+stress+in+compound+noun&cd=3&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.co.id, by: EnglishClub.com
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ZCaOZBA3FqUJ:coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Summer96/Morphsem/skoelsch/node7.html+stress+in+compound+noun&cd=4&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.co.id, by: Dafydd Gibbon, Thu Jun 13 17:33:32 MET DST 1996,
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I5DN0wiG8BcJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_compound+stress+in+compound+noun&cd=8&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&client=firefox-a&source=www.google.co.id, by: wikipedia
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7ODkyfSejyQJ:www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/568876/stress+stress+in+lingustic&cd=3&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&source=www.google.co.id, by: Encyclopædia Britannica
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/51220297/26/Stress-in-compounds, by: Ingo Plag
• http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WxdJszZuchIJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_foreign_or_second_language+stress+in+english+for+english+learner&cd=2&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&source=www.google.co.id, Wikipedia
